PENCAK SILAT

Understanding About Pencak Silat

Abdus gratefully say martial arts is a beauty with dodge step motion included the comedy element of the movement.
Mr. Wongsonegara, IPSI chairman who first said that martial arts is a martial strike movement, a rhythmic taridan with a certain politeness adaptation rules that can pertunjukandi public.
Imam koesopangat, Pencak Silat is a martial motion unopposed, while the nature of the martial arts should not be contested.
Maryono concluded that the criteria for distinguishing the meaning "of the meaning of martial arts" is whether a motion should be displayed or not.
PB.IPSI and Bakin in 1975 mendepinisikan martial arts is the result of human culture utuk Indonesian nation and defend the existence and integrity.
Kata and martial arts are equally implies spirituality, rhythm, beauty, and tips and practice.
B. Aspects of martial arts
a. Aspects of a single entity, martial arts in one aspect of unity is reflected in the arms symbol trident at IPSI, the third tip of the trident describe elements of martial arts and sports, while the handle represents the spiritual element.
b. Spiritual aspect, the mental aspect of martial arts spiitual focuses on the formation of attitudes and personality character fighter who according to the philosophy of noble character. Its purpose is to strengthen the human instinct to defend itself from threats and hazards
c. Aspects of the art, martial arts is a manifestation of culture in the form of rules of motion and rhythm, so perwujudanya were emphasized at:
- Realization of harmony
- Realization of the balance
- Realization of harmony between wiraga and
- Realization of harmony and wirasa wirama
Of the four aspects above may underlie the development of martial arts into four objectives yatu:
1. mental, spiritual martial arts
2. Pencak silat martial
3. Pencak silat arts
4. Pencak silat sports
C. The benefits of martial arts
The benefits of martial arts, among others:
1. martial arts as education,
Is part of the culture of Indonesia is worth sublime. Luhurnya values ​​as follows:
- Indonesian culture as the origin and coraknya
- Philosophy of noble character as the soul and source of motivation users.
- Mental, spiritual guidance or noble character, martial arts and sports.
2. Pencak silat as a physical education
Pencak silat is essentially physical activities contained therein olahragadan aspects of physical education is a vehicle that has a specific purpose. The objectives are:
- Aim to achieve health
- Recreational purposes
- Goal achievement.
3. The scope of martial arts
The scope includes the martial arts techniques of attitude and movement, interdependent, mutually supportive functionally according to a specific pattern. According to the IPSI th General Assembly, 1994, consists of four things as a whole, namely:

    pairs attitude, attitude is the attitude tide alert for attacks and tactical defense.
    Step movement, step movement is a movement technique or change the position with mental alertness and senses optimally to gain a favorable position in order toward or away from the opponent.
    Attack, the attack is to attack the opponent with a calculated so as not melest time attack. The attack on the two-that is, attacks with arms and legs to attack.
    Defense, defense is the attitude of readiness to defend himself or dodgery of the opponent's attack, defense technically done in an effort to get out of the opponent's attack. The technique is, parry, and dodge.
ATTACK AND DEFENSE TECHNIQUES.
ATTACK TECHNIQUE
1. The basic concept of assault
The attack is divided by a limb that is used as a tool to attack:
A. Attacks arm
The attack is sserangan arm using arm called the blow, which forms
1. Attacks hands
a. Attack front cover;
- Guess, blow with the palm of the hand
- Boxing, hand punch to the head
- Push, blow debgan both hands
- Shove, hit with the tip of your fingers
- The pendulum, swinging blow with the fist
b. Attack from below the arms, corrected, pendulum / vise, plug / pin.
c. Hand strikes from above, include:
- Mash, which is a blow to the head hands
- Sword, which is a blow to the side of the palm of the hand
- Guess what, that is a blow to the palm of your hand
d. Hand attack from the side, include:
- Sword, which pukulang with the palms
- Slap, ie blow with the palm of your hand
- The pendulum, which blow with a fist
- Kepret, ie blow with the back of his hand
2. Elbow attack
Attacks elbow can be distinguished by the direction of his path, including:
- Elbow front
- Elbow oblique
- Elbow rear upper and lower
B. Attack Limbs
Based on the distance from the target position to the opponent, the attack is divided into two legs, commonly called a kick attack from knee attacks commonly called lututan.
a. Attack the foot, can Tendangn dibedakn into 4 kinds, namely front kick (straight), next (T), arc (sickle), from behind
- Front kick, using the base of the toes.
- Side kick, with the soles of the feet
- Kick the bow, with the base of the finger / back foot
- Kick back, with lumit feet.
b. Attacks knee, Under the direction trajectory knee attacks can be divided into two forms, namely:
- Attack the knees down, the path from bottom to top
- Attack the knee side, the path of the side
DEFENSE TECHNIQUES.
1.Konsep basic
Basically defending is issuing body or limb of our trajectory toward the opponent's attack or distract / membindahkan swrangan not opposed to the body
2. basic defense
On the form is divided into three, namely:
a. avoidance
b. dodgery
c. defense
3. advanced defense
Usually begins with dodgery techniques, blocks and sometimes with preliminary motion and sequential movements. Advanced defense consists of catchment, falling, loose and lock.
a. The catch is defense by capturing the arms or legs of an opponent's attack to keep the next attack.

BUTTERFLY STYLE POOL OR DOLPHIN

1) The movement used is dolphin leg kick (leg movements of dolphins). Sealed and swing both legs together. Remember, your knees do not bend (ie: do not bend too much) because if bent will make us sink lower body.
2) The movement of our hands under the water is the tensile (pull) and immediately followed by push (push). Both of these movements should form the curve of the keyhole. Semicircle pull Movement (last exit into), and immediately followed by a motion to thrust our hips or groin. The purpose of forming the keyhole groove is to increase thrust forward, because the water we paddle will always be the new volume of water (which is silent).
Thrust movements should be done very quickly (accelerated), the direction of the back straight. After that there was no need hentian, but skip to the recovery movement (ie, movement of the hand above the water). This is what will make your upper body we lifted up. If we stop at the end of the hand thrust movement, the upper body will trigger our sink, so we will be hard and heavy in movement recovery. Thus, the thrust movement and motion recovery is a unity. No need no hentian between them.
3) The movement of our hands above the water called a recovery. Do recovery by removing as little energy as possible, so it would really be a recovery for us. Therefore, it is a tough task after waiting our hands: paddling under the water. Most beginners, including me now, seemed to do the recovery with enormous energy. Though recovery should be done with ease. How, maximize acceleration at the end of the movement push your hand, so the rest of the momentum is enough to do the recovery movement.
Hand movement when recovery is under the thumb and little finger on. Palms facing outwards, not facing down. Keep it up both hands went back into the water. The distance between the two hands of time in the water was about shoulder-width. Once both hands into the water, enjoy flying by directly moving both hands to the outside (the initial phase of the movement to form the curve of the lock).
4) Hips had to move up and down. So the movement of dolphins not only by distance, but by the whole body. Hands, upper body, hips, and legs: all should be harmonious and rhythmic in movement bumpy. After both hands into the water, lift your hips up sticking to the surface of the water. After that followed a leg kick.
5) When both hands into the water, not to the head and upper body we sink down too deep. The trick, hold style falls that occur with both hands.
6) upper body lifting us above the water not be too high, chin enough we were just above the water surface so that when we took a breather. For if we go up too high, we speed towards the front will be reduced. Remember, not butterfly breaststroke.
7) In every cycle there are two kicks. The first kick is done when both hands into the water. The second kick, which was done with a stronger, conducted in the middle of the stroke movement of the hand. The second kick is what will facilitate our hands to do the recovery. If we are in a cycle of just kicking one time, we certainly would be more difficult to perform hand gestures recovery.
8 - When in the water, pose face down. Bring your chin to your chest. This will help your body be streamlined. You just need to be facing forward while taking a breather.
9) You only have a little time to breathe. That is when your body up and you looked up toward the front. Do not do it too long, because it can interfere with the perfection of the recovery movement. You do not have to breathe in every cycle. By the time you do not want to breathe, still exposes your face downward. Do not be looked up above the water surface. But about the preferences of each person's breathing. It is up to the person, which if only more comfortable for him. Michael Phelps for example, instead taking the air each cycle, and he is still the fastest. So, how do you breathe, is highly dependent on your own.

TRADITIONAL GAMES Baseball

A. a Brief History of Baseball Ball      Sports baseball is the sport in which people do in his spare time or time vacant, especially by children or high school students. These sports include traditional sports are also attracted many teenagers because of the baseball game improving agility and cohesiveness of the team or the player. So through baseball game to a relationship of friendship and cooperation. Usually a baseball game mostly in the afternoon and baseball activities can be done by anyone.

B. Basic Techniques Baseball Game      Before stepping into the rules of the game must first master the basic techniques of baseball games, some of the techniques in the game bolakasti are as follows:1. The ball tossLobbed the ball need to be mastered by the player as a basic technique that determines inisalah in the game, in order to inflate the ball well the technique include:     a. The ball lobbed to the Topsteps are as follows:1. Standing with one foot in front (right foot / left).2. Hold the ball with his right hand, parallel to the chest3. The ball is at the base of the fingers, hand basin and facing the right make up.4. The right hand in front of chest with elbows slightly bent and your left hand in front of his chest.5. Pull your right hand down to the next to the back of the knee.6. Lean slightly forward and bend your knees.7. Swing your hands up to the elbows straight.8. Remove the ball accompanied by a crack of palms upward.     b. The ball lobbed to HomeThe steps are as follows:1. Stand with your left foot in front.2. The right hand holds the ball.3. The right hand was holding the ball straight at the sides of your thighs.4. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers and palm of the hand made basin.5. Furthermore, pull your right hand straight backward.6. Bend both knees and body leaning forward (the body does not bend).7. Swing the hand holding the ball towards the front, right foot step forward and straighten your left knee.
     c. Throw a ball from above headThrow the ball from the top of biasanyadigunakan distances from pemuykul or players running, steps thrown the ball to the hitter, among others:1. Standing in a stance ready to throw.2. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers, three fingers are on the back of the    ball, the thumb and the little finger is next to the ball.3. Pull the hand backward along with the twist aside and left foot step forward.4. Body leaning backward and then swing the hand holding the ball from behind and threw with his right foot come forward.2. Catch the Ball      There are several techniques to catch the ball in the game of baseball, this technique is used by players penjaga.berbagai catchment techniques include:     a. Catch the Ball Stomachsteps are:1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. stick your hand up the front head of the bent slightly forward.3. both hands open like a flower that broke and ready to catch the ball, the view remains kebola.    b. Horizontal Ball Catchcaught the following technique.1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. position of both hands, both arms straight forward and right hand or left hand on the top like the shape of the applause.     c, Catch the Ball From the Bottomtechnique is as follows:1. both hands ready to receive the ball to squat.2. fingers under the direction parallel to the ball to come3. look straight toward the ball in order to see the ball coming3. Hitting the Ball    Hitting the ball, this technique is a technique that must be mastered every player because a blow that can determine the success or failure of a game. There are several techniques that must be mastered hitting baseball players, among others:· Hit the ball flat· Modestly or hit the ball along the ground· Hit the ball over the head4. Running TechniqueRunning, running technique is a technique that can be performed by any player. It would be nice if the technique ran for baseball players deepened again in order not tired when I'm running. There are several running techniques include:· Ran straight· Ran zig-zag
C. BahanAtau Tool1. Balla. Made of rubber or leather stuffed in it coconut coir or injukb. ball girth 19-21 cm,c. weighing 30-70 g or 70-80 g, andd. diameter 20 cm.
2. Beatera. Wooden baseball bat shaped stick bat.b. length of approximately 50-60 cm.c. oval cross section (oval) with a size of 5 cm wide and 3.5 cm thick,d. and 15-20 cm long handle.
D. How to playPlayers bat inside the line or point-free, how to play, among others:a. The ball was thrown by one of the team's guardsb. The ball was hit by a team that is hittingc. Bat after hitting should quickly run to the rescue pole or perch pole.
E. Rules Game or GamesBefore playing baseball, there are some1. Baseball Field Picture

2. Player
                   Baseball is played by 2 teams of each group totaled 15 people, 3 as a backup or replacement and 12 as core players. Teams that play called party hitter guard squads called party field3. Pillar of Society
            Rescue pole is made of materials that are not easily broken, such as metal, wood, or bambutiang aid Piber plugged in the circle with a radius of 1 meter high mast aid is 1.5 meters from the ground, rescue pole with line spacing is 5 feet tall bat and the distance of 5 meters from the side lines.4. Perch pole or pole-FreePole perched in a baseball game there are two, which is plugged in the ground a circle of radius 1 meter. The two poles are at the plug with a distance of 5 meters from the rear and 10 meters from the right and left side. Players who sidah be safe perch pole of the target player who holds the ball while guard players do not bat berpinddah to another perch pole.5. Number DadaIn a baseball game each player must use the chest is made of fabric, terpasamg front chest and back. Number chest consists of numbers 1-15, 1-12 to number of core players and for the numbers 13-15 for a backup player.6. Old GamesThe length of the game is determined by two methods, namely,a. The first is determined by the timeIf specified with the long game time is 2 x 20 minutes with rest 5 minutes or 2 x 30 minutes with a break of 10 minutes.b. Both carried the inning.Inning turnover team is a squad of guards bat or vice versa. If it is determined by an innings, inning number can be determined by agreement between the two teams or committees.7. It blowsThe blow is substantiated if:a. The ball after being hit by a line or a bat and fell on the objects that are in the field of playb. Ball after crossing the line at bat and fall or the objects off the field after passing the flag or barrier half court game.8. Escape or mishit punchBlow expressed mishit (escape) if the business does not hit the wood bat on the ball that bounced by the life jacket.9. One punchBlow one o'clock when the ball after but still be in the area at or fall diareal o'clock. And the ball out of the field before passing the center line.10. Hitting RightsThe right to bat as follows:a. each player of the team has the right bat hitting one punch at a time.b. Liberator (velouser) has the right to hit three times, a hitter is expressed as a liberator when he was the only player in the free space.11. Right flankOtherwise bounce right if:a. The ball bounced in the direction of the paddle players demand.b. The ball drove in elevation between the knee and the head of the player hitter.c. Drove the ball without any turbulence that on purpose.12. Valuea. A hitter who can punch right back into the free space above the blow itself a value of 2. These events are called RUNb. A hitter who can punch right back into the free space for your help friend blows a value of 1c. The party got one when the field can catch the ball before it hit the ground the opponent punches.d. A value of 2 is given if a player's team has its own bat with his punches and was able to immediately return to the free space without off opponents or declared dead by the referee.13. Players OffA player from the team bat declared dead when members of the body other than the head of a ball hit by a squad of guards during the journey, and the player off when accidentally received the ball with his head thrown guards.14. Off the ballDead ball is a ball that can not be played back in the game or field. The ball is considered dead a few include:a. The ball is held life jacket and life jacket standing in placeb. If the punch is wrong or not taxablec. If the ball is lost so that the search does not meetd. Substitution occurs free15. Substitution Substitution Party or Placea. Free Substitution1. Squad of guards managed to catch the ball 3 times in a row.2. Liberator hit 3 times wrong3. The free space in the fuel by a squad of guards4. A runner at the time limit ran out of the field of play.5. At the time of shooting a wood bat regardless of the hand and the bat out of the bat6. Members of the team bat out of free space7. Team bat adverse opponent8. Players runner or hitter go freely through the rear chamber free space.b. Substitution is Not FreeSubstitution is not free occur when one of the team members hit by a legitimate hitter during his way to ketiang perch or chamber are free, and can not be on the team pemkul squad of guards back on when the ball free.16. ArbitrationReferees are out of the ground either right or left, there was the task of the referee's whistle and the code include:a. If the beginning of the game the referee called the two captains from each team for a high five or who started the game as both a hitter first and guards.b. Set the gamec. Checking readiness scoring sitd. Checking player's name and number cheste. The referee blew the whistle 3 x long to start the gamef. At the time of calling the players bat to hit the referee blew the whistle 3x pendek.Sg. By the time the referee did blow one whistle code as short 2x.h. In the event the player tosses the ball before it hit the pole or pole-free help and free space, the referee blew the long whistle marks 1x turn freely.i. When the referee blew his whistle lost the ball short 3xj. After the game finished the game or the time runs out the referee blew the long whistle 3x17. Sit scoringSkoringsit is the assistant referee for the course of a match, the task is:a. check players.b. equate numbers with the name of an existing chest in scoring crunches provided by each team.c. call the player who will make a stroke.d. if there is a substitution scoring sit in charge of the match for scoring these sit.e. calculate the value of each team.f. calculate punch one player hitter
F. Playing baseball for the purpose of Physical EducationAs for some of the purpose of playing baseball for physical education include:1. Preserving traditional sports culture of our nation.2. Functions can develop a wide range of bodies.3. Improving the attitude of sportsmanship among players or friends.4. Increasing knowledge of the game rules.5. Develop the ability to use strategies and techniques involved in an organized activity.6. Can a relationship of friendship and cooperation7. Learning to communicate and collaborate with others.8. Providing a channel for self-expression and creativity9. Develop the ability to use strategies and techniques involved in the activity of a game.10. Getting a cheap sport.

REFERENCES
Suprianto, Joko. , 2007. Excited Exercise class 6. Solo: the Three

Rustandi, Endi. , 2009. Perrkuliahan kasti.Majalengka ball game

TEACHING METHODS IN penjas

Preliminary

The learning process in Indonesia developed into learning that we are familiar with the term "Pakem" which stands for Active, Creative, Effective and Fun or there is a call by the term "Paikem" ie Active, Inofatif, Creative, Effective and Fun. To be able to produce an active learning system, inofatif, creative, effective and fun:Some of the existing teaching methods, among which1. Lecture method. This method in presenting material to students performed orally.Ø Excess functions to save time, cost and equipment.Ø Weakness lecture method is the participation of the students was very low. Therefore, to get optimal results is recommended when using this method should be supported by a good use of media, such as concept maps, LCD-media power point, pictures, OHP, Internet and more. It is also suggested interspersed with other methods such as questioning, giving the task or the other.Ø Methods Demonstration. Demonstration is a method used to membelajarkan learners by sharing and demonstrating the steps workmanship something. The demonstration is a practice that demonstrated to the participants.Ø The advantage of this method participants will gain direct learning experience after seeing, doing, and feeling alone.Ø The weakness of this method that takes a lot of time.2. Method FAQs. This method is used to enable students and to measure student success in absorbing the material.· Motivation of students in understanding the material· Weakness of this method, which is active only certain students are biased answer or bold bertanya.Sedangkan others tend to not pay attention and care.3. Discussion Methods.Discussion methods used to grow the interactions between students and between students and teachers. This method is also used to provide experience to the students to get used to speaking forum, educate students to respect other people's opinions. No discussion method that divides into two discussion groups and class discussions. In principle, both methods were almost the same similarity aims to develop an opinion or an agreement or find the best formula on the issue. After the group discussion is usually followed by a plenary discussion (class) which is a presentation of the results achieved in the group discussion.· The surplus gives students the experience to get accustomed to speaking forum, educate students to respect other people's opinions.· Weakness of this method consumed a lot of time, students are not used to speaking in public would be apathetic.4. Simulation methods. This method displays symbols, or replace the equipment, events or actual objects, students can perform like the truth, but not the process, the actual event or object. In essence this method to move into the real situation or classroom activities due to the difficulties to practice in the actual situation, for example· Excess students can perform like the truth, but not the process, the actual event or object.· Kelemahananya only be applied in certain schools


A. Physical Education Teaching MethodsIn physical education there are some kinds of learning methods used in, among others:1. Style CommandIn this command style penjas teachers should be active for an explanation, delivery of materials supplied by the teacher penjas itself. In the command style of pre-meeting, meeting and post-meeting of all the decisions taken by teachers penjas.Typical Elements of Style Command:• All decisions made by the teacher· Following instructions and carry out tasks· Main activities of students· Produce a high level of activity· Can make students feel engaged and motivated· Develop a disciplined behavior2. Style exercisesIn the style of training students are given time to carry out individual tasks and the teacher gives feedback to all students on an individual basis.Role of Teacher penjas:· Teachers provide opportunities for students to work alone· Provide feedback on an individual basis· Enhance the interaction to the individual· Provide opportunities for students in the adjustment
3. Reciprocal StyleStyle reciprocal provides the opportunity for peers to provide feedback.This role enables:· Increased social interaction among students· Direct Feedback· So in this style between students can correct each other.4. Style Scope or InclusionIn this style the teacher gives tiers / levels of ability tostudents, so that students can choose appropriate movement ability.5. Convergent and Divergent StylesIn the convergent style teacher is giving orders / instructions in performing engineering student movement and did so knowingly. Example: How do I make use of the foot passing outside the football / do. In the divergent styles kreativ students are required because teachers only give instructions / orders and students melakukan.Contoh: Make an exercise using ropes to improve physical fitness.
B. Issues In Teaching Techniques Baseball GamesExisting problems while giving engineering students the pitfalls are:1. Techniques hitting, bat the ball with a stick when perkenaan frequent mistakes, for example not on target or the ball2. Techniques throw the ball, when a pitcher throws the ball often goes wrong in throwing the ball which resulted in the ball bat does not match demand.3. Catch the ball after being hit, the team receiving the ball from the keeper when the batter is sometimes not appropriate or can not capture directly.

 Basic Techniques Baseball GameBefore stepping into the rules of the game must first master the basic techniques of baseball games, some of the techniques in the game of baseball is as follows:1. The ball tossLobbed the ball need to be mastered by the player as one of the basic techniques that determine the game, in order to inflate the ball well the technique include:a. The ball lobbed to the Topsteps are as follows:1. Standing with one foot in front (right foot / left).2. Hold the ball with his right hand, parallel to the chest3. The ball is at the base of the fingers, hand basin and facing the right make up.4. The right hand in front of chest with elbows slightly bent and your left hand in front of his chest.5. Pull your right hand down to the next to the back of the knee.6. Lean slightly forward and bend your knees.7. Swing your hands up to the elbows straight.8. Remove the ball accompanied by a crack of palms upward.
b. The ball lobbed to HomeThe steps are as follows:1. Stand with your left foot in front.2. The right hand holds the ball.3. The right hand was holding the ball straight at the sides of your thighs.4. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers and palm of the hand made basin.5. Furthermore, pull your right hand straight backward.6. Bend both knees and body leaning forward (the body does not bend).7. Swing the hand holding the ball towards the front, right foot step forward and straighten your left knee.
c. Throw a ball from above headThrow the ball from the top usually used from a great distance from the hitter or the player who ran, steps thrown the ball to the hitter, among others:1. Standing in a stance ready to throw.2. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers, three fingers are on the back of the ball, the thumb and the little finger is next to the ball.3. Pull the hand backward along with the twist aside and left foot step forward.4. Body leaning backward and then swing the hand holding the ball from behind and threw with his right foot come forward.
a. Catch the Balltechniques to catch the ball in a baseball game, the technique used by players penjaga.berbagai catchment techniques include:a. Catch the Ball Stomachsteps are:1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. stick your hand up the front head of the bent slightly forward.3. both hands open like a flower that broke and ready to catch the ball, the view remains kebola.b. Horizontal Ball Catchcaught the following technique.1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. position of both hands, both arms straight forward and right hand or left hand on the top like the shape of the applause.c, Catch the Ball From the Bottomtechnique is as follows:1. both hands ready to receive the ball to squat.2. fingers under the direction parallel to the ball to come3. look straight toward the ball in order to see the ball coming
c. Hitting the BallHitting the ball, this technique is a technique that must be mastered every player because a blow that can determine the success or failure of a game. There are several techniques that must be mastered hitting baseball players, among others:· Hit the ball flat· Modestly or hit the ball along the ground· Hit the ball over the head
d. Running TechniqueRunning, running technique is a technique that can be performed by any player. It would be nice if the technique ran for baseball players deepened again in order not tired when I'm running. There are several running techniques include:· Ran straight· Ran zig-zagC. Sususnan implementation1. Preamble (Introduction) 5 'minutes

    Pray
    Submission goal then and harapam the attitude to be achieved
    Explanation of material to achieve these goals
    Gave the motivation to carry out the exercise with enthusiasm
2. Warming Up (heating) 20 '- 30' minBasically, this section aims to prepare athletes organisms that are physiologically and psychologically ready to accept the burden of training the core part later. Outline can contain the following:

    Mempelancar blood circulation, dilate capillaries / mempelancar turn the air-lung diparu
    Stretching and enhance muscle contraction
    Persendiaan-flexing joints
Some guidelines in Warming Up

    Target Warming from the general to the specific
    Can dilakuakan in the form of static and ballistic stretching, in the form of small game, you should start with light jogging merangasang to further accelerate the work of the heart and lungs.
    The movement starts from the intensity of light / moderate menujua beratataudari kaearah a simple movement into a more complex movements.
    Gymnastics (Calesthenik) should be selected in the warming up properly and thoroughly exercise ranged from 8 -12 range with 16 replications
    Warimg up should not be made and should not be rigid and melelahakn
    Warming up for the game contains elements of a more comprehensive and longer (30-40 ') optimally ready to compete
    Pemansan by using according to the sport, made after pemansaan general.
3. Main part (core) 60 '- 90' minThe core can contain a variety of principles;1. Can 1-3 kinds of goals, objectives kulatisa can be physical, technical, tactical or a combination of all three2. Taknik exercises and techniques or a combination of both these elements or a combination of all three3. Exercise techniques and tactics should be placed at the beginning of core exercises do not exist latihanynyang melelahakan sebelumnya.kalau technical training and techniques have disderhanakan sangant complex.4. Exercise techniques and techniques with high reps and high-intensive new motion may be granted if the technique is mastered bentyuk well / very well.5. If you exercise in the form of elements of the physical conditions should be placed on the speed of awaljuga, where dfisik still in fresh condition (not allowed in fatigue)6. If the speed of the speed combined with power also comes first7. When combined with the power of resistance, the resistance is placed at the end of the core.8. Do not combine resistance training with aerobic speed in one seseion.The core part of training as follows:Basic Techniques Baseball GameBefore stepping into the rules of the game must first master the basic techniques of baseball games, some of the techniques in the game of baseball is as follows:1. The ball tossLobbed the ball need to be mastered by the player as one of the basic techniques that determine the game, in order to inflate the ball well the technique include:


a. The ball lobbed to the Topsteps are as follows:1. Standing with one foot in front (right foot / left).2. Hold the ball with his right hand, parallel to the chest3. The ball is at the base of the fingers, hand basin and facing the right make up.4. The right hand in front of chest with elbows slightly bent and your left hand in front of his chest.5. Pull your right hand down to the next to the back of the knee.6. Lean slightly forward and bend your knees.7. Swing your hands up to the elbows straight.8. Remove the ball accompanied by a crack of palms upward.
b. The ball lobbed to HomeThe steps are as follows:1. Stand with your left foot in front.2. The right hand holds the ball.3. The right hand was holding the ball straight at the sides of your thighs.4. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers and palm of the hand made basin.5. Furthermore, pull your right hand straight backward.6. Bend both knees and body leaning forward (the body does not bend).7. Swing the hand holding the ball towards the front, right foot step forward and straighten your left knee.c. Throw a ball from above headThrow the ball from the top usually used from a great distance from the hitter or the player who ran, steps thrown the ball to the hitter, among others:1. Standing in a stance ready to throw.2. The position of the ball is located at the base of the fingers, three fingers are on the back of the ball, the thumb and the little finger is next to the ball.3. Pull the hand backward along with the twist aside and left foot step forward.4. Body leaning backward and then swing the hand holding the ball from behind and threw with his right foot come forward.a. Catch the Balltechniques to catch the ball in a baseball game, the technique used by players penjaga.berbagai catchment techniques include:Ø Catch Ball Stomachsteps are:1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. stick your hand up the front head of the bent slightly forward.3. both hands open like a flower that broke and ready to catch the ball, the view remains kebola.b. Horizontal Ball Catchcaught the following technique.1. stand with your feet slightly crotch, knees slightly bent eye gaze directed toward the arrival of the ball.2. position of both hands, both arms straight forward and right hand or left hand on the top like the shape of the applause.c. Catch the Ball From Bottomtechnique is as follows:1. both hands ready to receive the ball to squat.2. fingers under the direction parallel to the ball to come look straight towards the ball in order to see the ball coming
c. Hitting the BallHitting the ball, this technique is a technique that must be mastered every player because a blow that can determine the success or failure of a game. There are several techniques that must be mastered hitting baseball players, among others:· Hit the ball flat· Modestly or hit the ball along the ground· Hit the ball over the head
d. Running TechniqueRunning, running technique is a technique that can be performed by any player. It would be nice if the technique ran for baseball players deepened again in order not tired when I'm running. There are several running techniques include:· Ran straight· Ran zig-zag4. Final Part (Warming down) 15 'minutesThe final part of the exercise is also called a cooling-core exercise, can contain a variety of principles

    Exercise should not stop abruptly, (as it can cause stress, stress both physically and phiskis) then there penurunana pelu slowly slowly until it returns to normal objec.
    Bermcam end the exercise with a variety of the way; joggingringan, gymnastics sports game bentk small, lightweight strecing mengaur rhythm pernafaasan (inpirasi and expiration in)
    The very end once may contain ewaluasi beupa view of lecture, discussion or implementation-correcting exercises kareksi just done
    Psychologically exercises closed with a pleasant impression in order to maintain and increase motivation to exercise menhgadapi beikutnya
     Reading the closing prayer
Bibliographyhttp / / manesa08penjas blogspot.com, "Techniques Baseball Game"Peter Kline, "The Everyday Genius"

PEMBINAAN ANAK TUNA GRAHITA

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar belakang

Pendidikan nasional berfungsi untuk mengembangkan kemampuan serta meningkatkan mutu kehidupan dan martabat manusia Indonesia dalam rangka upaya mewujudkan tujuan nasional. Pendidikan nasional bertujuan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa dan mengembangkan manusia Indonesia seutuhnya, yaitu manusia yang beriman dan bertaqwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan berbudi pekerti luhur memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan, kesehatan jasmani dan rohani, kepribadian yang mantap dan mandiri serta rasa tanggung jawab kemasyarakatan dan kebangsaan.

Berdasarkan fungsi dan tujuan pendidikan tersebut maka setiap warga negara memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan pendidikan. Seperti tertuang dalam UU No. 2 tahun 1989 pasal 5 bahwa setiap warga negara mempunyai hak yang sama untuk memperoleh pendidikan. Dengan demikian orang-orang yang menderita cacat atau kelainan juga mendapatkan perlindungan hak. Seperti tertuang pada pasal 8 ayat (1) UU No. 2 tahun 1989 disebutkan bahwa warga negara yang memiliki kelainan fisik dan atau mental berhak memperoleh Pendidikan Luar Biasa (PLB).Namun dalam kenyataan prosentase anak cacat yang mendapatkan layanan pendidikan jumlahnya amat sedikit. Serta pasal 5 ayat (2) juga disebutkan bahwa “Setiap warga yang memiliki kelainan fisik, mental, sosial, intelektual dan atau sosial berhak memperoleh pendidikan khusus”.Dengan kata lain perkembangan manusia ada yang wajar atau normal dan ada pula yang perkembangannya terganggu (abnormal) yang akan berpengaruh terhadap mental dan jasmani. Sehingga dalam permasalahan pendidikan, tidak ada perbedaan antara anak yang normal perkembangan jasmani dan rohaninya, dengan anak yang mengalami kecacatan fisik, seperti anak yang mengalami kelemahan mental atau sering disebut Tunagrahita. Hal ini dikarenakan masih adanya hambatan pada pola pikir masyarakat kita yang mengabaikan potensi anak cacat. Pada umumnya masyarakat memandang kecacatan (disability) sebagai penghalang (handicap) untuk berbuat sesuatu. Telah banyak bukti bahwa orang cacat mampu melakukan sesuatu dengan berhasil. Pada hakikatnya kecacatan seseorang bukanlah merupakan penghalang untuk melakukan sesuatu.

Anak tunagrahita adalah anak yang mempunyai kemampuan intelektual dibawah rata-rata. Anak tunagrahita memiliki keterbatasan intelegensi, terutama yang bersifat abstrak seperti belajar dan berhitung, menulis dan membaca. Kemampuan belajarnya cenderung tanpa pengertian atau cenderung belajar dengan membeo. Disamping memiliki keterbatasan intelegensi, anak tunagrahita juga memiliki kesulitan dalam mengurus diri sendiri dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, juga memiliki keterbatasan dalam penguasaan bahasa. Oleh karena itu berdasarkan UU diatas setiap orang berhak atas pendidikan.

1.2. Rumusan Masalah

Berdasarkan dari latar belakang diatas maka dalam hal ini penulis mengambil rumusan masalah sebagai berikut.

1.      Bagaimana cara menangani anak tuna grahita?

2.      Upaya apa saja yang dilakukan pendidik dalam meningkatkan pembinaan penjas atau olahraga bagi anak tuna grahita?

1.3.   Tujuan atau Manfaat

2.      Tujuan

a.       Untuk mengetahui upaya pembelajaran pembinaan penjas bagi anak cacat tuna grahita

b.      Untuk mengetahui tingkat kesulitan pembelajaran penjas atau olahraga bagi penyandang cacat tuna grahita

c.       Untuk mengetahui cara pemberian pembelajaran bagi penyandang cacat tuna grahita.

3.      Manfaat

a.       Menjadi sebuah masukan pengetahuan bagi kami yang sedang belajar di jurusan penjaskes.

b.      Sebagia masukan yang penting khususnya bagi penulis sendiri dan bagi khalayak umum.

BAB II

KAJIAN TEORI

2.1.   Pembinaan Olahraga

Pembinaan olahraga atau penjas telah diatur dalam UU No 3 tentang Keolahragaan Nasional dalam pasal 1ayat 8 yaitu : pembinaan olahraga adalah orang yang memiliki minat dan pengetahuan, kepemimpinan, kemampuan manajerial dan pendanaan yang didedikasikan untuk pembinaan dan pengembangan olahraga. Dari hal tersebut bahwa pembinaan oleh seorang guru bagi anak harus benar-benar didedikasikan sepenuhnya bagi perkembangan si anak, tak terkecuali dengan ALB.

Perbedaaan penanganan pembinaan anak yang normal dan yang ALB sangatlah berbeda dalam pemberian materi maupun pembelajaran olahraga. Misalkan bagi anak tuna grahita dalam pemberian pembinaan pembelajaran penjas atau olahraga perlu kesabaran yang tinggi dan perlu penanganan secara terpadu serta adanya sutu pendekatan.

2.2.    Anak Cacat Tuna Grahita

Keterbelakangan mental yang biasa dikenal dengan anak tuna grahita biasa dihubungkan dengan tingkat kecerdasan seseorang. Tunagrahita memiliki arti menjelaskan kondisi anak yang kecerdasannya jauh dibawah rata-rata dan ditandai oleh keterbatasan intelegensi dan ketidak cakapan dalam interaksi sosial. Anak tunagrahita atau dikenal juga dengan istilah keterbelakangan mental karena keterbatasan kecerdasannya mengakibatkan dirinya sukar untuk mengikuti program pendidikan di sekolah biasa secara klasikal, oleh karena itu anak keterbelakangan mental membutuhkan layanan pendidikan secara khusus yakni disesuaikan dengan kemampuan anak tersebut. Tingkat kecerdasan secara umum bagi anak tuna grahita biasanya diukur lewat tes Intelegensi yang hasilnya disebut dengan IQ.

 BAB III

PEMBAHASAN

3.1. Karakteristik Pendidikan Bagi Anak Tuna Grahita

      Anak tunagrahita adalah anak yang mempunyai kemampuan intelektual dibawah rata-rata. Anak tunagrahita memiliki keterbatasan intelegensi, terutama yang bersifat abstrak seperti belajar dan berhitung, menulis dan membaca. Kemampuan belajarnya cenderung tanpa pengertian atau cenderung belajar dengan membeo. Disamping memiliki keterbatasan intelegensi, anak tunagrahita juga memiliki kesulitan dalam mengurus diri sendiri dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, juga memiliki keterbatasan dalam penguasaan bahasa.

Keterbatasan lain yang dimiliki anak tunagrahita yaitu kurang mampu untuk mempertimbangkan sesuatu,kurang dapat merespon dan menangkap suatu materi. Sehingga kurikulum yang digunakan tunagrahita adalah kurikulum sekolah reguler (kurikulum nasional) yang dimodofikasi (diimprovisasi) sesuai dengan tahap perkembangan anak berkebutuhan khusus, dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik (ciri-ciri) dan tingkat kecerdasannya. Modifikasi kurikulum pendidikan penjas adaptif dilakukan terhadap: alokasi waktu, isi/materi kurikulum, proses belajar-mengajar, sarana prasarana, lingkungan belajar, dan pengelolaan kelas. Dengan ini, maka diharapkan mereka akan mendapatkan sejumlah pengalaman baru yang kelak dapat dikembangkan anak guna melengkapi bekal hidup. Mengingat kondisi peserta didik yang memiliki keterbatasan intelegensi dan juga keterbatasan lainnya, dan juga pentingnya pendidikan. Maka dari hal tersebut bahwa pentingnya pendidikan untuk anak tuna grahita termasuk  pendidikan motorik anak dalam olahraga, Serta yang perlu di perhatikan adalah karakteristiknya (Modul Depdiknas: 2007), seperti:

a.       Dalam belajar keterampilan membaca, keterampilan motorik, keterampilan lainnya adalah sama seperti anak normal pada umumnya.

b.      Perbedaan tuna grahita dalam mempelajari keterampilan terletak pada karakteristik belajarnya.

c.       Perbedaaan karakteristik belajar pada anak tuna grahita ada dalam tiga daerah yaitu;

1.      Tingkat kemahirannya dalam keterampilan tersebut.

2.      Generalisasi dan transfer keterampilan yang baru diperoleh.

3.      Perhatiannya terhadap tugas..

Adapun Karakteristik atau ciri-ciri anak tunagrahita dapat dilihat dari segi,

1.Fisik (Penampilan)

Ø  Hampir sama dengan anak normal

Ø  Kematangan motorik lambat

Ø  Koordinasi gerak kurang

Ø  Anak tunagrahita berat dapat kelihatan

2.Intelektual

Ø  Sulit mempelajari hal-hal akademik.

Ø  Anak tunagrahita ringan, kemampuan belajarnya paling tinggi setaraf anak normal usia 12 tahun dengan IQ antara 50 – 70.

Ø  Anak tunagrahita sedang kemampuan belajarnya paling tinggi setaraf anak normal usia 7, 8 tahun IQ antara 30 – 50

Ø  Anak tunagrahita berat kemampuan belajarnya setaraf anak normal usia 3 – 4 tahun, dengan IQ 30 ke bawah.

3.Sosial dan Emosi

Ø  Bergaul dengan anak yang lebih muda.

Ø  Suka menyendiri

Ø  Mudah dipengaruhi

Ø  Kurang dinamis

Ø  Kurang pertimbangan/kontrol diri

Ø  Kurang konsentrasi

Ø  Mudah dipengaruhi

Ø  Tidak dapat memimpin dirinya maupun orang lain.

3.2.            Pendekatan Pembelajaran Penjas Adaptip Bagi Anak ALB

Penjas adaptif berperan penting dalam keberhasilan anak mengikuti proses pendidikan. Program Penjas adaptif memiliki cirri yang berbeda dengan pendidikan jasmani biasanya yaitu programnya disesuaikan dengan kelainan anak, programnya mengarah kepada perbaikan dan koreksi kelainan, dan programnya mengarah kepada pengembangan dan peningkatan jasmani individu siswa. Supaya program pengajaran atau pembinaandapat diikuti bagi anak ALB (tuna grahita)  maka perlu adanya modifikasi dalam setiap aspek pembelajaran. Adapun modifikasi program pembelajarannya secara umum adalah sebagai berikut:

a.       Kurikulumnya baik secara perubahan total maupun perubahan sebagian dari kurikulum.

b.      Strategi belajarnya dapat dig anti atau di sesuaikan berdasarkan sutu kondisi dan sikon yang memungkinkan.

c.       Medianya (materi dan alat) yang digunakan di sesuaikan bagi anak tuna grahita.

d.      Pengaturan kelasnya, disini sangat penting karena perlunya suatu teknik mengajar yang sesuai dengan anak tuna grahita atau anak ALB lainnya

e.       Lingkungan atau sarana fisik yang dapat menunjang bagi pemberian suatu pembinaan penjas.

Adapun pendekatan  pengajaran bagi anak tuna grahita atau ALB lainya yaitu:

a.       Pengajaran klasikal diberikan kepada anak tuna grahita atau ALB lainnya yang memiliki tingkat akademis normal dan sama dalam satu kelas, sehingga kegiatan dan materinya sama dalam satu kelas.

b.      Pengajaran individual adalah pengajaran yang diberikan orang-perorang dari anak ALB.

c.       Individualisasi pengajarannya adalah pendekatan dalam kelas akan tetapi setiap anak memiliki sutu program sesuai dengan tingkat pencapaian dalam belajar.

d.   Memberikan pembelajaran dengan metode inklusi.

3.3.            Pembelajaran Penjas Atau Olahraga Bagi Anak Tuna Grahita

Dalam penyelenggaraan program pendidikan jasmani hendaknya mencerminkan karakteristik program pendidikan jasmani itu sendiri, yaitu “ Developentally Appropriate Practice” (DAP). Artinya bahwa tugas ajar yang disampaikan harus memerhatikan perubahan kemampuan atau kondisi anak, dan dapat membantu mendorong kearah perubahan tersebut. Dengan demikian tugas ajar tersebut harus sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan dan tingkat kematangan anak didik yang diajarnya. Perkembangan atau kematangan yang dimaksud mencakup fisik, psikis maupun keterampilannya.

Dengan pendidikan jasmani atau olahraga yang diadaptasi dan dimodifikasi sesuai kebutuhan jenis kelainan dan tingkat kemampuan albmerupakan salah satu factor yang sangat menentukan dalam keberhasilan pendidikan olahraga atau penjas bagi anak yang berkelainan termasuk tuna grahita.  pendidikan jasmani adaftif merukpakan suatu system penyampaian layanan yang bersifat menyeluruh (komprehensif) dan dirancang untuk mengetahui, menemukan pemecahan masalah bagi anak ALB. Adapun cirri dari program penjas adaptif antara lain:

a.       program penjas addaptif disesuaikan dengan jenis dan karakteristik kelainan siswa.

b.      Program pengajaran penjas adaptif harus dapat membantu dan mengkoreksi kelainan yang disandang oleh siswa.

c.       Program pengajaran penjas adaptif harus dapat mengembangkan dan meningkatkan kemampuan jasmani individu.

Untuk pembinaan anak tuna grahita dalam penjas atau olahraga dapat dilihat dari hal di atas serta adanya suatu perombakan dalam program pembelajaran. Anak tuna grahita biasanya kurang cepat dalam menerima atau merespon dari apa yang dipelajarinya atau dilakukannya.

BAB VI

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

4.1. Kesimpulan

Pada dasaarnya anak tuna grahita itu sama dengan anak yang normal dalam segi motoriknya akan tetapi anak  tuna grahita atau disebut keterbelakangan mental memiliki kelambatan dalam belajar. Program penjas adaptif sangatlah membantu bagi anak tuna grahita dengan pengajaran yang tepat maka pendidikan olahraga akan mengenai sasarannya. Modifikasi kurikulum pendidikan penjas adaptif dilakukan terhadap: alokasi waktu, isi/materi kurikulum, proses belajar-mengajar, sarana prasarana, lingkungan belajar, dan pengelolaan kelas.

4.2. Saran

Anak tuna grahita bukan momok yang harus dikucilkan dalam pembelajaran penjas disekolah maupun temannya dan masyarakat bahkan mereka harus mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih terkhusus untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang layak seperti halnya anak yang normal lainnya.

Sehingga diperlukan lembaga khusus yang menangani anak tuna laras. Peserta didik yang menyandang kelainan demikian juga memperoleh pendidikan yang layak, sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang dalam hal ini menyatakan dengan singkat dan jelas bahwa “Tiap-tiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pengajaran” yang ditegaskan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional yang menyatakan bahwa “Warga Negara yang memiliki kelainan fisik, emosional, mental, intelektual, dan atau sosial berhak memperoleh pendidikan khusus”.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Depdiknas. 2007. Diklat pembekalan guru kelas/ agama SD mata pelajaran penjas. Jawa barat

http//irfandedikpurnomo.files.wordpress.com/.../anak-tunagrahita-dan-karakteristiknya.doc

http://pojokpenjas.blogspot.com.

http://yuswan62.wordpress.com