1. Anatomy of Larynx
The larynx (throat) is located in front of the lowest part of the pharynx that separates the vertebrae column, running from the pharynx to the height of the cervical vertebrae and into the trachea below.
The larynx is composed of cartilage pieces are tied together by ligaments and membranes. The largest of which is the thyroid cartilage, and next depannyaterdapat subcutaneous lumps known as the Adam's apple, which is next to the front of the neck. The larynx consists of two plates or laminae continued in the midline. On the top edge there is a curve of the form V. Cricoid cartilage lies below the thyroid, shaped like a signet ring with the signet ring on the back (this is the only cartilage that forms a complete circle). Other cartilage is the cartilage aritenoid two towering in the back of cricoid, and the right and left cartilage and cartilage kuneiform kornikulata, very small.
Linked at the top of the thyroid cartilage are the epiglottis, which form cartilage valves and help close the larynx during swallowing.2. Physiology of Larynx
Base of the throat or larynx is an air duct and acts as a sound formation.
The larynx is lined with mucous membrane, except the vocal cords and the epiglottis which is lined by epithelial cells plated. This vocal numbered two: at the top of the vocal cords is false and not make a sound called ventrikularis, at the bottom is a true vocal sounds that form the so-called vocalists, there are two muscles. By the movement of two ototini the vocal cords can vibrate the vocal cords so (rhymes glotidis) can expand and shrink, so here it becomes noise.
Vocal cords in the larynx is next, running from the thyroid cartilage in the front next to the cartilage in both aritenoid. With the movement of aritenoid cartilage caused by various laryngeal muscles, vocal cords tightened or loosened. Thus, the width between the bands or rhyme glottidis, fickle as breathing and talking.
Because vibration bands caused air through the glottis resulting sound. Various laryngeal muscles involved in controlling noise, and also cover the holes on the larynx during swallowing.
The process of establishment of a sound: the sound formation is the result of collaboration between the oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, tongue and lips. The vocal cords are not fake muscles, therefore the vocal cords can not vibrate, just between the two vocal cords was penetrated by the air flow and thyroid cartilage cartilage form beaker was rotated. As a result, the vocal cords can be tightened and loosened with interrupted air thus becomes narrow or broad.
This movement is also aided by the laryngeal muscles, air exhaled from the lungs and vocal cords vibrate. Vibration is transmitted through the air out - go. The difference in a person's voice depends on the thickness and length of the vocal cords. Male vocal cords are much thicker than women's vocal cords
B. Esophagus1. Anatomy of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube length sampi twenty twenty-five centimeters above starting from the pharynx to the entrance of the cardiac stomach. Located behind the trachea and in front of the spine. After passing through the diaphragm torax, to enter into the abdomen and connects to the stomach.Esophagus walled four layers. In the outer layer consists of loose connective tissue, the muscle layer that consists of two layers of muscle fibers, which is another one running longitudinaldan circular, a submucosal layer and in the inside there is a mucous membrane (mucosa).2. Esophageal Physiology
Swallowing done after chewing, and can be described in three phases: the movement of food into a bolus form with the help of tongue and cheek, and through the back of the mouth into the pharynx.
Once the food into the pharynx then palatumlunak up to close the posterior nares, glottis closes by contraction of the muscles, and pharyngeal constrictor muscle catch food and pushed her inside the esophagus. At this time the breathing stops, if not makaakan choke. People can not swallow and breathe at the same time. Swallowing movements in this section is a reflex movement.
Food goes in the esophagus due to work peristaltic, circular muscle fibers on the food front and behind the loosened food contract. Then deliver the ball peristaltic wave of food into the stomach.
The second and third phase of swallowing movements do not happen on their own, while the first phase of their own though mostly walked automatic.
Esophagus can develop cardio-spasm or akhalasia, caused by the failure of motor function in the form of loss of peristaltic movements in the lower esophagus and cardiac failure afinkter to loosen. The main symptoms are dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and regurgitation.3. Figure esophagus
REFERENCESPearce Evelyn.C, 2006, Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedics, Jakarta: PT Scholastic Press.Syaifuddin, Drs. H, 2006, Anatomy Physiology for Nursing Students, Jakarta: EGC
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